Everything about Rush Limbaugh totally explained
Rush Hudson Limbaugh III (born
January 12,
1951) is an
American radio host and
conservative political commentator. His
nationally-syndicated talk show,
The Rush Limbaugh Show, airs throughout the world on
Premiere Radio Networks. He has been credited with reviving
AM radio in the United States, and is considered to have been a "kind of national
precinct captain" for the
Republican Party's Congressional victories in 1994.
National Review magazine, in a 1993 cover story, called him "The Leader of the Opposition" during the Clinton presidency. A month after Bill Clinton's defeat of the
the Elder Bush in 1992,
Ronald Reagan sent Limbaugh, a man he never met, a letter in which he thanked Limbaugh "for all you're doing to promote Republican and conservative principles...[and] you've become the Number One voice for conservatism in our Country."
Early life
Limbaugh was born to Rush Hudson Limbaugh Jr. of
Cape Girardeau, Missouri, and Mildred "Millie" Limbaugh originally from
Searcy, Arkansas. His father was a lawyer and a
World War II fighter pilot who served in the China-Burma-India theater. The name "Rush" was chosen for his grandfather to honor the maiden name of family member Edna Rush. His family is filled with a number of lawyers including his grandfather, father and his brother
David Limbaugh. His uncle,
Stephen N. Limbaugh, Sr. is a
Ronald Reagan appointed federal judge in the
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri and his cousin,
Stephen N. Limbaugh, Jr., is Judge on the
Supreme Court of Missouri.
Rush Limbaugh, Sr., Limbaugh's grandfather, was a Missouri prosecutor, judge, special commissioner and served on Missouri's state House of Representatives from 1930 to 1932. Limbaugh's grandfather was very well respected as one of the "patriarchs" of the Cape Girardeau community. Rush, Sr., passed away at age 104 and was still a practicing attorney at the time of his death. Limbaugh began his career in radio as a teenager in 1967 in his hometown of Cape Girardeau, using the name Rusty Sharpe.
Limbaugh's birthdate was ranked as 175 in the Vietnam War
draft lottery. No one was drafted above 125. However, he was classified as "
1-Y" (later reclassified "
4-F") due to either a football knee injury or a diagnosis of
Pilonidal disease.
On
August 1,
1988, after achieving success in Sacramento and drawing the attention of a former president of
ABC Radio, Edward F. McLaughlin, Limbaugh moved to
New York City and began his national radio show. His show debuted just weeks after the
Democratic National Convention, and just weeks before the
Republican National Convention. The then current U.S. Vice-President, George H.W. Bush, would become the Republican Standard Bearer, and the then current Massachusetts Governor, Michael Dukakis, would become the Democratic Candidate for President. Rush Limbaugh's radio home in New York City was the talk-format station
WABC-AM, 770 AM, and continues to this day as his
flagship station.
Humor columnist and journalist Lewis Grossberger acknowledged that Limbaugh had "more listeners than any other talk show host" and described Limbaugh's style as "bouncing between earnest
lecturer and political
vaudevillian".
The Rush Limbaugh Show
Limbaugh's radio show airs weekdays for three hours daily, beginning at 12 noon Eastern time in the U.S. It also is carried worldwide over the Armed Forces Radio Network, and in some markets is carried on FM stations.
Radio broadcasting shifted from
AM to
FM in the late '70s because of the opportunity to broadcast music in stereo in FM, with better range and musical fidelity. Limbaugh's show was first nationally syndicated in
August 1988, when AM radio had been in decline. Rush Limbaugh's popularity paved the way for other conservative talk radio programming to become commonplace on the AM radio. As of
2006,
Arbitron ratings indicated that the Rush Limbaugh Show had a minimum weekly audience of 13.5 million listeners, making it the largest radio talk show audience in the United States. And in 2007,
Talkers magazine again named him #1 in its "Heavy Hundred" most important talk show hosts. Limbaugh frequently mentions the
EIB (Excellence In Broadcasting) network, but this is a mythic construction, as he told the New York Times in 1990. (Lewis Grossberger, "The Rush Hours", New York Times, 16 December 1990, section 6, p. 58) In reality, his show was co-owned and first syndicated by
Edward F. McLaughlin, former president of
ABC who founded EFM Media in 1988, with Limbaugh's show as his first product. In
1997, McLaughlin sold EFM to
Jacor Communications, which was ultimately bought up by
Clear Channel Communications. Today, Limbaugh owns a majority of the show, which is syndicated by the
Premiere Radio Networks. In a 2001 article in
U.S. News & World Report magazine, it said Limbaugh had an 8 year contract, at the rate of $31.25 million a year. ("Vital Statistics", U.S. News & World Report, 30 July 2001, p. 7)
Controversies
Michael J. Fox incident
On the
October 23,
2006 edition of his radio show, Limbaugh imitated on the "DittoCam" (the webcam for website subscribers to see him on the air) the physical symptoms of actor
Michael J. Fox, who has
Parkinson's disease and has appeared in political campaign ads for candidates who support a form of embryonic
stem cell research, and has stated that he sometimes doesn't take his medicine explicitly to show the effects of the disease. Limbaugh imitated Fox's Parkinson's symptoms as displayed on the commercial, stating that "(Fox) is exaggerating the effects of the disease. He's moving all around and shaking and it's purely an act.... This is really shameless of Michael J. Fox. Either he didn't take his medication or he's acting."
Fox was offended, as were people on both sides of the political spectrum, who felt Limbaugh's parody of Fox was both tasteless and unfair. The possibility of a reasoned and civil discussion of stem cell research was quickly overshadowed by dueling website and blog attacks. Proponents of stem cell research immediately used this incident to fund-raise for several Democratic candidates running for Congress, while detractors accused Fox of being just another partisan for Democratic candidates. Fox himself appeared on numerous news programs to explain his condition and to defend his advocacy for stem cell research.
Phony soldiers controversy
September 26,
2007 broadcast of Limbaugh's radio show, when he used the term "phony soldiers", allegedly referencing a September 21
Associated Press story about individuals falsely claiming to be veterans in order to receive benefits. A caller, after saying he was currently serving in the Army and has been in 14 years, said, "They never talk to real soldiers. They like to pull these soldiers that come up out of the blue and spout to the media." Limbaugh interrupted, "The phony soldiers." The caller continued, "The phony soldiers. If you talk to a real soldier, they're proud to serve. They want to be over in
Iraq. They understand their sacrifice, and they're willing to sacrifice for their country." Several minutes later, after the caller had hung-up, Limbaugh read from the AP story describing the story of
Jesse Macbeth.
Jesse Macbeth joined the Army but didn't complete basic training, yet claimed in
alternative media interviews that he and his unit routinely committed
war crimes in Iraq. On
June 7,
2007, Macbeth
pled guilty to one count of making false statements to the
U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs and was sentenced to five months jail and three years
probation.
Media Matters noted Limbaugh's use of the term "phony soldiers" in an article on their website. The article alluded that Limbaugh was saying that all soldiers who disagree with the Iraq War were "phony soldiers", and their article received substantial press coverage after it was discussed in speeches by Presidential candidates
John Edwards and
Chris Dodd. Limbaugh argued that, when he'd made the comment about "phony soldiers", he'd been speaking only of Macbeth and others like him who claim to be soldiers and are not, and that "Media Matters takes things out of context all the time".
Media Matters disputed the accuracy of Limbaugh's claim and defended its story.
Among Limbaugh's detractors were members of
VoteVets.org who produced a series of ads that ran on their website and on YouTube taking Limbaugh to task for insulting veterans who opposed the war. The members of VoteVets, a number of whom asserted they were conservative politically, told reporters that protesting the current war policy shouldn't be a partisan issue, but most of the support they received after the Limbaugh controversy came from congressional Democrats.
On
October 19,
2007, Limbaugh announced the winning bid in an
eBay auction of
a letter sent to Clear Channel Communications Chief Executive Officer Mark Mays by
U.S. Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid. "We call on you to publicly repudiate these [phonysoldier] comments," the letter said, ". . . and to ask Mr. Limbaugh to apologize for his comments." The auction's high bid of $2,100,100 by
Betty Casey of the
Eugene B. Casey Foundation set a new eBay record for largest charity bid. Shortly before the auction closed, Senator Reid addressed the Senate, saying, "I don't know what we could do more important than helping to ensure that children of our fallen soldiers and police officers who have fallen in the line of duty have the opportunity for their children to have a good education." In his radio broadcast later in the day, Limbaugh was critical of Reid's speech, saying Reid had tried "to horn in and act like he's part of this whole thing, folks." Limbaugh also said, "Senator Reid, you didn't mention that I'm matching whatever the final total is." Matching funds from Limbaugh would increase the total donation to the charity benefiting children of Marines and law enforcement personnel killed in the line of duty to $4,200,200.
Operation Chaos
Limbaugh has stated that there's nothing wrong with Republicans voting in the Democratic primary, as Democrats voted for McCain in
Vermont,
New Hampshire,
Florida, and other states. "This is getting absurd. If it weren't for independents and Democrats
crossing over, Senator McCain wouldn't be our nominee!"
Dubbing the effort "Operation Chaos," Limbaugh says he intends to continue to encourage his listeners to vote for whomever is behind in the Democratic primary, to sow chaos and disunity among Democrats during a divisive primary battle. Limbaugh then began to advocate that his Republican listeners vote for Clinton, something the rules of the Texas primary permitted. According to a county volunteer, one voter declared "Rush Limbaugh sent me", another "I am voting for Hillary Clinton but I want to see the Democrats implode," and a great many others mentioning Limbaugh.
In Ohio, Limbaugh similarly encouraged his listeners to re-register as Democrats and vote for Clinton. Although Ohio doesn't use an open primary, voters who change their registration must attest that they support the principles of the party to which they switch. About sixteen thousand Ohio Republicans switched parties for the election. The Cuyahoga County Board of Elections announced that, at the urging of Democrat Sandy McNair, the cross-overs would be investigated. Later, the Ohio Attorney General's office stated that it would be hard to prosecute anyone for falsifying a change of registration, because of the difficulty of proving a voter's fraudulent intent.
Limbaugh has said that "The dream end of this [ofOperation Chaos] is that this keeps up to the Convention, and that we've a recreation of
Chicago 1968 with burning cars, protests, fire, and literal
riots and all of that, that's the objective here."
Television show
Limbaugh had a
syndicated half-hour show from 1992 through 1996, produced by
Roger Ailes. The television show discussed many of the topics on his radio show, and was taped in front of a live audience.
Other media appearances
Limbaugh's first television hosting experience came
March 30,
1990, as a guest host on
Pat Sajak's
CBS late-night talk show,
The Pat Sajak Show.
ACT UP activists in the audience
heckled Limbaugh repeatedly; ultimately the entire studio audience was cleared. In 2001 Sajak said the incident was "legendary around CBS".
On
December 17,
1993, Limbaugh appeared on
The Late Show with David Letterman. Limbaugh also guest-starred (as himself) on a 1994 episode of
Hearts Afire. He appeared in the 1995
Billy Crystal film
Forget Paris, and in 1998 on an episode of the
The Drew Carey Show.
Most recently, in
2007, Limbaugh has made cameo appearances on
Fox News Channel's short lived
The 1/2 Hour News Hour in a series of
parodies portraying him as the future
President of the United States. In the parodies, his
vice president is fellow conservative pundit
Ann Coulter. He also made a cameo in the
Family Guy episode "
Blue Harvest". In the episode, a parody of
Star Wars, Limbaugh can be heard on the radio claiming that, among other things, the "intergalactic liberal space media" was lying about climate change on the planet
Hoth, and that
Lando Calrissian's administrative position on
Cloud City was a result of
affirmative action.
His persona has often been utilized as a template for a stereotypical conservative talk show host on TV shows and in movies, including an episode of
The Simpsons (as a conservative talk radio host named
Birch Barlow), as "Gus Baker" on an episode of
Beavis and Butt-head, as "Lash Rambo" (host of "Perfection in Broadcasting") on an episode of
The New WKRP in Cincinnati, and as "Fielding Chase" in the
Columbo Mystery Movie
Butterfly in Shades of Grey (played by
William Shatner).
As a result of his television program, Limbaugh became known for wearing distinctive
neckties. In response to viewer interest, Limbaugh launched a series of ties designed primarily by his then-wife Marta. Sales of the ties reached over five million dollars (U.S.) in their initial sales year, but were later discontinued.
Sportscasting experience
In
2000, ABC considered adding Limbaugh to their
Monday Night Football broadcast team before deciding on comedian
Dennis Miller instead.
On
July 14,
2003,
ESPN announced that Limbaugh would be joining
ESPN's
Sunday NFL Countdown show as a weekly analyst when it premiered on
September 7. Limbaugh would provide the "voice of the fan" and was supposed to spark debate on the show. On the
September 28 episode of
Countdown, Limbaugh commented about
Philadelphia Eagles quarterback Donovan McNabb's role in his team's 0-2 start to the season, as well as the media's coverage of McNabb:
October 1,
2003, Limbaugh resigned from ESPN with the statement:
Views
Defining the conservative movement
Limbaugh made the following comments in an
op-ed piece in
The Wall Street Journal in 2005:
- I love being a conservative. We conservatives are proud of our philosophy. Unlike our liberal friends, who are constantly looking for new words to conceal their true beliefs and are in a perpetual state of reinvention, we conservatives are unapologetic about our ideals.
- We are confident in our principles and energetic about openly advancing them. We believe in individual liberty, limited government, capitalism, the rule of law, faith, a color-blind society and national security.
- We support school choice, enterprise zones, tax cuts, welfare reform, faith-based initiatives, political speech, homeowner rights and the war on terrorism.
- And at our core we embrace and celebrate the most magnificent governing document ever ratified by any nation — the U.S. Constitution. Along with the Declaration of Independence, which recognizes our God-given natural right to be free, it's the foundation on which our government is built and has enabled us to flourish as a people.
- We conservatives are never stronger than when we're advancing our principles.
Balance and point of view
In his first bestseller, Limbaugh explicitly describes himself as conservative, and is sharply critical of broadcasters in all media for claiming to be
objective.
Limbaugh is highly critical of
environmentalism and
climate science. He has disputed
anthropogenic global warming, and the relationship between
CFCs and depletion of the
ozone layer, claiming the scientific evidence doesn't support them. Limbaugh has argued against the
scientific opinion on climate change by stating that the alleged
scientific consensus "is just a bunch of scientists organized around a political proposition. You can't have consensus in
science... they think
consensus is the way to sell it because, 'Oh, but all these wonderful people agree.'" Limbaugh has used the term "environmentalist wacko" as a reference to left-leaning environmental advocates. As a rhetorical device, he's also used the term to refer to more mainstream climate scientists and other environmental scientists and advocates with whom he disagrees.
Limbaugh is sharply critical of
feminism, saying that "Feminism was established so as to allow unattractive women easier access to the mainstream of society." He also popularized the term "
feminazi", referring to radical feminists "to whom the most important thing in life is ensuring that as many abortions as possible occur." He credited his friend
Tom Hazlett, a professor of law and
economics at
George Mason University, with coining the term.
Limbaugh has always taken a hard-line stance on illegal immigration.
Limbaugh supports
capital punishment, having said "the only thing cruel about the death penalty is last-minute stays."
Entertainment props
Limbaugh utilizes
props to introduce his
monologues on various topics. On his radio show, news about the homeless has often been preceded with the
Clarence "Frogman" Henry song "Ain't Got No Home." For a time, Dionne Warwick's song "I Know I'll Never Love This Way Again" preceded reports about people with
AIDS. These later became "condom updates" preceded by Fifth Dimension's song, "Up, Up and Away (in My Beautiful Balloon)."
Questions about accuracy
Some groups and individuals have questioned Limbaugh's accuracy. The
July/
August 1994 issue of
Extra!, a publication of the
progressive group
Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting (FAIR), alleges 50 different inaccuracies and distortions in Limbaugh's commentary. Others have since joined FAIR in questioning Limbaugh's facts.
Al Franken, a self-described "liberal
infotainer", wrote a satirical book (
Rush Limbaugh is a Big Fat Idiot and Other Observations) in which he questioned Limbaugh's accuracy.
Media Matters for America, a self-described "Web-based, not-for-profit, 501(c)(3)
progressive research and information center dedicated to comprehensively monitoring, analyzing, and correcting conservative misinformation in the U.S. media" has also been critical.
Limbaugh has also been criticized for inaccuracies by the
Environmental Defense Fund. A defense fund report authored by
Princeton University endowed
geosciences professor
Michael Oppenheimer and
Princeton University professor of
biology David Wilcove lists 14 significant scientific facts which, the authors allege, Limbaugh misrepresented in his book
The Way Things Ought to Be. The authors conclude that "Rush Limbaugh ... allows his political bias to distort the truth about a whole range of important scientific issues."
Charitable work
Leukemia and lymphoma telethon
Limbaugh holds an annual
fundraising telethon called the "EIB Cure-a-Thon" for the
Leukemia & Lymphoma Society. In 2006 the EIB Cure-a-Thon conducted its 16th annual telethon, raising $1.7 million; totaling over $15 million since the first cure-a-thon. According to Leukemia and Lymphoma Society annual reports, Limbaugh personally contributed between $100,000 and $499,999 from 2000 - 2005 and 2007, and Limbaugh claims to have contributed around $250,000 in 2003, 2004 and 2005. NewsMax reported Limbaugh donated $250,000 in 2006, but the Society's 2006 annual report placed him in the $500,000 to $999,999 category.Limbaugh donated $320,000 during the 2007 Cure-a-Thon which the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society reported had raised $3.1 million. On his radio program
April 18 2008, Limbaugh claimed to pledge $400,000 to the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society after being challenged by two listeners to increase his initial pledge of $300,000.
Rush 24/7 Adopt-A-Soldier Program
Limbaugh's website maintains a page where U.S. troops can register for a free 24/7 membership through memberships purchased by donors who buy a subscription (at a reduced price) as a gift.
Marine Corps-Law Enforcement Foundation
Limbaugh conducts an annual drive to help the Marine Corps-Law Enforcement Foundation collect contributions to provide scholarships for children of Marines and law enforcement officers/agents who have died in the line of duty. The foundation was the beneficiary of a record $2.1 million eBay auction in
October 2007 after Limbaugh listed for sale a letter critical of him signed by 41 Democratic senators and pledged to match the selling price.
Charity golf tournaments
Limbaugh attends charity golf tournaments from time to time for various causes.
Personal life
Relationships
Limbaugh was first married on
September 24,
1977 to Roxy Maxine McNeely, a sales secretary at radio station
WHB in
Kansas City, Missouri. They were married at the Centenary United Methodist Church in Cape Girardeau, Missouri. In
March 1980, McNeely filed for divorce, citing "incompatibility." They were formally divorced on
July 10,
1980. Limbaugh announced on the air, "Marta has consented to my request for a divorce, and we've mutually agreed to seek an amicable separation. As I said, it's a personal matter and I want to keep it that way. I don't intend to say any more about this on the air." The divorce was finalized in
December 2004.
Prescription drug addiction
On
October 3,
2003 the
National Enquirer reported that Limbaugh was being investigated for illegally obtaining the prescription drugs
oxycodone and
hydrocodone. Other news outlets quickly confirmed the investigation. He admitted to listeners on his radio show on October 10 that he was addicted to prescription painkillers and stated that he'd enter inpatient treatment for 30 days, immediately after the broadcast. Limbaugh has stated his addiction to painkillers resulted from several years of severe back pain heightened by a botched surgery intended to correct those problems.
A subsequent investigation into whether Limbaugh had violated Florida's
doctor shopping laws was launched by the
Palm Beach State Attorney, which raised privacy issues when investigators seized Limbaugh's private medical records looking for evidence of crimes. On
November 9,
2005, following two years of investigations, Assistant State Attorney James L. Martz requested the court to set aside Limbaugh's doctor-patient
confidentiality rights and allow the state to question his physicians, stating it was necessary because "I have no idea if Mr. Limbaugh has completed the elements of any offense yet." Limbaugh's attorney opposed the prosecutor's efforts to interview his doctors on the basis of patient privacy rights, and argued that the prosecutor had violated Limbaugh's
Fourth Amendment rights by illegally seizing his medical records. The
ACLU issued a statement in agreement and filed an
amicus curiae brief in support of Limbaugh. On
December 12,
2005,
Judge David F. Crow delivered a ruling prohibiting the State of Florida from questioning Limbaugh's physicians about "the medical condition of the patient and any information disclosed to the health care practitioner by the patient in the course of the care and treatment of the patient."
On
April 28,
2006, Limbaugh and his attorney, Roy Black, went to the Palm Beach County Jail to surrender after a warrant was issued for his arrest on the charge of
doctor shopping. According to Teri Barbera, spokeswoman for the Sheriff, during his arrest, Limbaugh was
booked, photographed, and fingerprinted, but not handcuffed. He was then was released after about an hour on $3,000
bail. After his surrender, he filed a "not guilty" plea to the charge. Prosecutors agreed to drop the charge if Limbaugh paid $30,000 to defray the cost of the investigation and completed an 18-month therapy regimen with his physician.
Limbaugh asserted that the state's settlement agreement resulted from a lack of evidence supporting the charge of "doctor shopping." Under the terms of the agreement, Limbaugh may not own a firearm for eighteen months and must continue to submit to random drug testing, which he acknowledges having undergone since 2003.
Roy Black, one of Limbaugh's attorneys, stated that "Rush Limbaugh was singled out for prosecution because of who he is. We believe the state attorney's office is applying a double standard."
Deafness
Rush Limbaugh has described himself as being "100%, totally
deaf". (
(External Link
)). In 2001, Rush was diagnosed with a rare Autoimmune inner-ear disease (AIED), which, in the span of three months, left his right ear completely deaf and left ear severely deaf. On December 19, 2001, doctors at the House Ear Clinic and Institute in Los Angeles were able to successfully restore a measure of his hearing through a surgical procedure known as a cochlear-implant surgery. Mr. Limbuagh received a Clarion CII
Bionic Ear (Maier).
(External Link) While overall Rush's hearing surgery has been successful, in 2005, Rush was forced to undergo "tuning" due to an "eye twitch", an apparent side-effect of cochlear implants (Limbaugh).
(External Link)
Cigar aficionado
In the early 1990s, when the
cigar boom was gaining momentum, Limbaugh was seen frequently with a cigar in hand and by the end of the 1990s, cigars had become Limbaugh's staple in many public appearances. Often starting segments of his show with the phrase, "Amid billowing clouds of fragrant and aromatic first, second, and sometimes third hand premium cigar smoke", cigars became a common topic of discussion. In the spring of 1994, Limbaugh appeared on the cover of the popular magazine
Cigar Aficionado and shared the story of his conversion to cigars. He has since been a frequent participant in many events such as "The Big Smoke", hosted throughout the year by the magazine. Limbaugh has participated in many charity cigar auctions hosted by the magazine, and is known to talk frequently with his listeners about his and their cigar interests, preferences and recommendations. "I think cigars are just a tremendous addition to the enjoyment of life."
As a writer
In 1992, Limbaugh published his first book,
The Way Things Ought To Be, followed by
See, I Told You So in 1993. Both became number one on the
New York Times Best Seller list,
The Way Things Ought to Be remaining there for 24 weeks. Limbaugh acknowledges in the text of the first book that he taped the book and it was transcribed and edited by
Wall Street Journal writer
John Fund. In the second book,
Joseph Farah of
WorldNetDaily is named as his collaborator.
Awards and recognition
Limbaugh was the 1992, 1995, 2000 and 2005 recipient of the
Marconi Radio Award for
Syndicated Radio Personality of the Year (given by the
National Association of Broadcasters), joining the syndicated
Bob & Tom Show as the only other four-time winners of a Marconi award. He was inducted into the
Radio Hall of Fame in 1993.
In 2002,
Talkers magazine ranked him as the greatest radio talk show host of all time. Limbaugh is the highest-paid syndicated radio host.
On
March 29,
2007, Limbaugh was awarded the inaugural
William F. Buckley, Jr. Award for Media Excellence, by the
Media Research Center, a conservative, media analysis group.
On
January 5,
2008,
Human Events announced Limbaugh as their 2007 Man of the Year.
Public perceptions
Limbaugh currently maintains the highest rated radio show in the United States, with more than 13.5 million listeners a week. In 2003, he'd an audience of nearly 20 million a week. However, public polls have shown that a strong majority of Americans have an unfavorable opinion of Limbaugh, such as a
Rasmussen Reports poll illustrating a 2-1 margin of unfavorable ratings, with 62% of those surveyed reporting an unfavorable opinion of Limbaugh, the highest for any public figure polled by Rasmussen.
Books by Rush Limbaugh
The Way Things Ought to Be (1992) Pocket Books ISBN 067175145X
See, I Told You So (1993) Pocket Books ISBN 067187120X
Bibliography
Further Information
Get more info on 'Rush Limbaugh'.
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